Selected Topics - Communicable Diseases

• National Centre of HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research

• School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW - Upcoming Events

• Global Tuberculosis Control: surveillance, planning financing WHO Report 2006
  "The 10th WHO annual report on surveillance, planning and financing for global tuberculosis (TB) control includes data on case notifications, treatment outcomes, activities, budgets, costs and expenditures. Results are given for all national TB control programmes (NTPs) that have reported to WHO, although the emphasis is on progress in 22 highburden countries (HBCs)."
• WHO Global Program for Vaccines and Immunization - Vaccines and Biologicals documentation page
  This is a rich source of WHO-related documentation on Vaccines and Immunisation.
• WHO Report 2008 - Global tuberculosis control - surveillance, planning, financing
  “…WHO's report on Global TB Control compiles data from over 200 countries and territories each year, monitoring the scale and direction of TB epidemics, implementation and impact of the Stop TB Strategy, and progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of illness and death worldwide, especially in Asia and Africa. Globally, 9.2 million new cases and 1.7 million deaths from TB occurred in 2006, of which 0.7 million cases and 0.2 million deaths were in HIV-positive people. Population growth has boosted these numbers compared with those reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) for previous years. More positively, and reinforcing a finding first reported in 2007, the number of new cases per capita appears to have been falling globally since 2003, and in all six WHO regions except the European Region where rates are approximately stable. If this trend is sustained, Millennium Development Goal 6, to have halted and begun to reverse the incidence of TB, will be achieved well before the target date of 2015. Four regions are also on track to halve prevalence and death rates by 2015 compared with 1990 levels, in line with targets set by the Stop TB Partnership. Africa and Europe are not on track to reach these targets, following large increases in the incidence of TB during the 1990s. At current rates of progress these regions will prevent the targets being achieved globally…”. The key findings also available in different languages: Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish.

• Avian Flu Resources
  This Global Health Council page provides up-to-date resources on Avian Flu, including links to reports, web pages, experts, presentations and other material.
• Barriers and Facilitators to Influenza Vaccination Among High-Risk Groups Aged Less Than 65 Years
  Influenza vaccination has not been well accepted by people less than 65 years of age. This 2006 study by N. Zwar, I. Hasan, M. Harris and V. Traynor for the National Institute of Clinical Studies, Australia has identified a number of barriers to the uptake of the vaccine. Removal of those barrier and implementation of the proposed strategies has the potential of improving the influenza vaccination rate among under-65 high-risk groups.
• Blood Services in Central Asian Health Systems: A Clear and Present Danger of Spreading HIV/AIDS and Other Infectious Diseases
  “The [World Bank] report discusses inter-related parts of blood transfusions systems, and presents an overview of the parts that need to be strengthened in Central Asia. Numerous parts are in serious need of organizational restructuring, new investment and increased budgetary support for operation and maintenance… Evaluating communicable diseases rates in blood donors is essential for monitoring the safety of the blood supply and donor screening effectiveness. This assessment found that the current screening for blood borne pathogens of donated blood in Central Asia may be providing a false sense of security -- the risk of receiving an infected blood unit and acquiring a transfusion transmitted infection in the countries of the region is real. More ominous is the fact that some health facilities in Central Asia do not test blood donations at all. This means that the transmission risks indicated in this study may be conservative estimates, as they are based on a sample that excludes the blood that never reaches the existing screening system.”
• Canada Communicable Disease Report
  Canada Communicable Disease Report (CCDR) distributes current information on infectious diseases in Canada to public-health professionals, both nationally and internationally. It specializes in surveillance of infectious diseases, outbreak investigations, immunization, infection control, and tropical health and quarantine information, and other disease control activities.
• Communicable Disease & Prevention Control
  "Provides summaries and sometimes the full text of infectious/communicable disease reports that are available on the Internet and are relevant for the prevention and control of communicable diseases. CDPC also includes sections on current global, regional, and country estimates and projections of HIV infections and AIDS cases"
• Controlling Infectious Diseases
  This special issue of the Population Bulletin examines the current global state of infectious diseases. It contends that although "...improvements in sanitation and the development of vaccines and antibiotics accelerated the decline of infectious and parasitic diseases (IPDs) in the 20th century with a few exceptions, communicable diseases have not been vanquished. The microbes that cause these diseases continue to evolve, sometimes requiring new drugs and methods to combat them. New pathogens emerge, or make the jump from infecting animals to infecting humans. The most recent global estimates show that communicable diseases cause about one-third of all deaths...."
• Diagnostics for tuberculosis: global demand and market potential
  “....A key challenge for the public health community in the management of tuberculosis is to be able to effectively diagnose patients so that valuable resources and medicines are not wasted on misdiagnosis and repeat treatments. The lack of accurate diagnosis leads to an unacceptable burden of human suffering and to a waste of precious resources in poor countries. Without the right diagnostic tools, we cannot stop the TB epidemic. Developing new diagnostics is one of the six elements of the Global Plan to Stop TB: 2006-2015. This report identifies potential future markets for a range of diagnostics in three major testing areas developed and tested for use in resource poor settings….”
• Disease Control in Developing Countries
  Written by more than 350 specialists in diverse fields from around the world Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition), provides the results of in-depth research, offers analyses, and proposes context-sensitive policy recommendations to significantly reduce the burden of disease in developing countries and to improve the quality of life for all people.
• Disease Control Priorities Project
  The Disease Control Priorities Project (DCPP) is an ongoing effort to assess disease control priorities and produce evidence-based analysis and resource materials to inform health policymaking in developing countries. The Disease Control Priorities Project (DCPP) is a joint enterprise of The World Bank, the Fogarty International Center (FIC) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Population Reference Bureau. The NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM) is also a partner. DCPP is funded principally through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
• Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: The Perpetual Challenge
  “…..Among the infectious diseases throughout the world there is the baseline matrix of infectious diseases that constitutes an ongoing threat. Then there are diseases that occur intermittently, some as little blips on the radar screen and some as major public health issues. At some point in time the matrix diseases have all been emerging diseases. But after a while they become so entrenched that they are considered part of the background matrix and not emerging or re-emerging diseases. So as we eradicate diseases such as polio and smallpox, something else emerges and takes their place. This is the nature of the perpetual challenge of infectious diseases, as stated in this article’s title. ….”
• Emerging Trends in International Law Concerning Global Infectious Disease Control
  David P. Fidler, Indiana University School of Law, Bloomington, Indiana, USA; Emerg Infect Dis March 10, 2003;8 - "International cooperation has become critical in controlling infectious diseases. In this article, the author examine emerging trends in international law concerning global infectious disease control."
• Equitable Access to Health Care and Infectious Disease Control: Concepts, Measurement and Interventions
  The objective of the symposium was to stimulate critical debate on current concepts and measurement tools related to access to health care, its relationship to social determinants of health, and the focus on pro-poor programmes. To this end, sessions were devoted to reviewing approaches, definitions and measurements of access in relation to various dimensions of health care; discussing the relationship between access to health care and social determinants of health; reviewing operational approaches for measuring and improving inequities in access; summarizing existing approaches within the United Nations (UN) system to the construction of indicators and measurement tools around access; highlighting the critical role of research on access to health care for reaching the Millennium Development Goals; and identifying research gaps from a social science research perspective.
• Global Health Surveillance and the New International Health Regulations
  "The new International Health Regulations adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2005 (IHR 2005) represents a major development in the use of international law for public health purposes. One of the most important aspects of IHR 2005 is the establishment of a global surveillance system for public health emergencies of international concern. This article assesses the surveillance system in IHR 2005 by applying well-established frameworks for evaluating public health surveillance. The assessment shows that IHR 2005 constitutes a major advance in global surveillance from what has prevailed in the past. Effectively implementing the IHR 2005 surveillance objectives requires surmounting technical, resource, governance, legal, and political obstacles. Although IHR 2005 contains some provisions that directly address these obstacles, active support by the World Health Organization and its member states is required to strengthen national and global surveillance capabilities."
• Global Plan to Stop TB 2006-2015
  Launched by the StopTB Partnership which was established in 2000 by a network of international organizations, countries, donors from the public and private sectors, governmental and non-governmental organizations and individuals, the Global Plan to Stop TB 2006 - 2015, is a comprehensive assessment of the action and resources needed to implement the Stop TB strategy and make an impact on the global TB burden.
• Global Threat of New and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy
  Jennifer Brower and Peter Chalk, Rand Science and Technology, 2003 - “This study offers a more comprehensive analysis of the security implications of the spread of infectious diseases than has been done to date. The study examines the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa, highlighting this particular crisis as a graphic example of the devastating effects that infectious disease can have on virtually every aspect of a state's functioning viability. It also makes a detailed analysis of the United States, delineating the threat posed by specific diseases; assessing the effectiveness of the existing public health infrastructure; and offering specific actions that can be taken to improve the country's ability to meet this emerging challenge.”
• Globalization and Infectious Diseases in Women
  Carol Bellamy, United Nations Children's Fund, New York, New York, USA; Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 11, Nov 2004 - “Women have an enhanced vulnerability to disease, especially if they are poor. Indeed, the health hazards of being female are widely underestimated. Economic and cultural factors can limit women's access to clinics and health workers. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that less is spent on health care for women and girls worldwide than for men and boys. The 2003 World Health Report showed that, globally, the leading causes of death among women are HIV/AIDS, malaria, complications of pregnancy and childbirth, and tuberculosis”.
• Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Samoa and American Samoa - In this short report by Gregory l. Armstrong, Ian T. Williams, Utoofili Asofa’afetai Maga, Satupaitea Viali, Wendi l. Kuhnert, and Stephen T. McGarvey, it is revealed that “little is known about the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Pacific islands. In this study, serum specimens collected in 1985 and 2002 among the general populations of Samoa and American Samoa were tested for antibody to HCV by a third-generation enzyme immunoassay and a recombinant immunoblot assay. Of the 3,466 specimens tested, 8 (0.2%; 95% confidence interval _ 0.07–0.4%) were positive for antibody to HCV. Prevalence did not vary by location or demographic characteristic. Thus, HCV is present in the Samoas but at a low prevalence.” (au)
• Incorporating a Rapid Impact Package for Neglected Tropical Diseases with Programs for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
  This article, published in PLOS Medicine asserts that "...an increasing body of evidence indicates that “neglected tropical diseases” may not only threaten the health of the poor as much as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, or malaria, but even more importantly, may have effective treatment and prevention strategies that can be delivered for less than US$1 per capita per year. Furthermore, new evidence points to substantial geographic overlap between the neglected tropical diseases and the big three, with emerging data suggesting that control of the neglected tropical diseases could actually become a powerful tool for combating HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria."
• Infectious Diseases: preparing for the future - Risk Analysis
  This document reports on the "...UK Foresight 'Infectious Diseases: preparing for the future' project that aimed to produce a vision of future systems for the detection, identification and monitoring of infectious diseases, and to assess how they might transform our capabilities in managing the future threat"
• Jordan Report 2007: Accelerated Development of Vaccines (USA)
  "It has been almost 25 years since the first vaccine research and development “state of the science” report, otherwise known as The Jordan Report, was published by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the [US] National Institutes of Health. Since that time, significant scientific progress has been made in developing new and better vaccines against a wide array of infectious diseases, including those that are emerging or re-emerging."
• Limitations on human rights: are they justifiable to reduce the burden of TB in the era of MDR- and XDR-TB?
  "Tuberculosis, in all its forms, poses a serious, demonstrable threat to the health of countless individuals as well as to health as a public good. MDR-TB [Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis] and, in particular, the emergence of XDR-TB [Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis], have re-opened the debate on the importance, and nature, of treatment supervision for basic TB control and the management of drug-resistant TB. Enforcing compulsory measures regarding TB patients raises questions of respect for human rights. Yet, international law provides for rights-limiting principles, which would justify enforcing compulsory measures against TB patients who refuse to have diagnostic procedures or who refuse to be monitored and treated once disease is confirmed. This article analyzes under what circumstances compulsory measures for TB patients may be enforced under international law. Compulsory measures for TB patients may, in fact, be justified on legal grounds provided that these measures are foreseen in the law, that they are used as a last resort, and that safeguards are in place to protect affected individuals. The deadly nature of the disease, its epidemiology, the high case fatality rate, and the speed at which the disease leads to death when associated with HIV are proven."
• Major Issues and Challenges of Influenza Pandemic Preparedness in Developing Countries
  "Better preparedness for an influenza pandemic mitigates its impact. Many countries have started developing and implementing national influenza pandemic preparedness plans. However, the level of preparedness varies among countries. Developing countries encounter unique and difficult issues and challenges in preparing for a pandemic. Deaths attributable to an influenza pandemic could be substantially higher in developing countries than in industrialized countries. Pharmaceutical interventions such as vaccines and antiviral agents are less likely to be available in developing countries. The public health and clinical infrastructure of developing countries are often inadequate to deal with a widespread health crisis such as an influenza pandemic. Such an event will inevitably have a global effect. Therefore, improving pandemic preparedness in every country, particularly developing ones, is urgently needed."
• Malaria control in complex emergencies: An inter-agency field handbook
  This interagency handbook was developed by the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) Technical Support Network on Complex Emergencies. It focuses on effective malaria control responses to complex emergencies, and provides policy-makers, planners, field programme managers and medical coordinators with practical guidance on designing and implementing measures to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality.
• Polio Vaccines difficult to swallow: The story of a controversy in Northern Nigeria
  This paper by Maryam Yahya of the Institute of Development Studies examines the Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) controversy in Nigeria, where rumours that the vaccine was part of a Western tool to sterilise Muslims prompted a boycott of the vaccine by Muslim leaders. The paper examines the roles, responsibilities and actions of global and national actors in implementing effective immunisation campaigns, including the manner in which health care issues are prioritised, managed, and financed. The author identifies sustained communication as the centrepiece of a successful immunisation campaign, something which is often neglected in immunisation budgets.
• Poor Countries Need Relief from the World Bank's 'Help' on Malaria
  This American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI) Working Paper by Roger Bate examines the World Bank's efforts to control malaria in poor countries. It asserts that these "...efforts have been diluted by irresponsible forays into disease control financing without a commensurate increase in institutional competence with only limited technical staff capacity. Instead of deferring to the World Health Organization for technical advice on malaria control, Bank staff members have promoted ineffectual malaria prevention and treatment, causing countries to move away from best practices in disease control."
• Public Health Responses to Urgent Case Reports
  This report published in Health Affairs 30 Aug 2005, evaluates the ability of local public health agencies (LPHAs) in the U.S. to meet a preparedness standard set by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): to receive and respond to urgent case reports of communicable diseases twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.
• Reconstructing Tuberculosis Services after Major Conflict: Experiences and Lessons Learned in East Timor
  Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in developing countries. Following the disruption to health services in East Timor due to violent political conflict in 1999, the National Tuberculosis Control Program was established, with a local non-government organisation as the lead agency. Within a few months, the TB program was operational in all districts. Using the East Timor TB program as a case study, this article published in PLOS Medicine 3(10), Oct. 2006, examines the enabling factors for the implementation of this type of communicable disease control program in a post-conflict setting.
• Review of leprosy cases in Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 1994-98
  This reports on a descriptive study which was “conducted using case records from the Leprosy Clinic, Benghazi for the period 1994-98. A constant decline in the number of leprosy cases registered for multidrug treatment (MDT) was observed, from 18 in 1994 to 4 in 1998. The ratio of multibacillary to paucibacillary cases was 1.3:1. Most of the patients were young male adults who were socially and economically productive. An hypopigmented patch was the most common lesion present on easily accessible sites. Early registration, compliance with MDT and follow-up will enhance the cure rate and lead to a reduction in disability rates. Despite elimination surveillance for new leprosy cases is essential.”
• Science, Economics and Politics of Malaria Vaccine Policy
  This report, by Andrew Farlow forms a submission to UK Department for International Development and The Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap and a response to the Tremonti Report to G8 Finance Ministers. "The report is especially interested in evaluating the proposal of two malaria vaccine goals – one earlier lower efficacy vaccine and one later higher efficacy vaccine based on product-and region-specific characteristics, as suggested in the recently-initiated “Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap” – in combination with an elaborate subsidy/R&D funding scheme called an ‘Advance Purchase Commitment/Contract’ (APC)….”
• Water for Life: Making it Happen
  This report published by WHO as we enter the International Decade for Action Water for Life 2005-2015 asserts that every day, diarrhoeal diseases from easily preventable causes claim the lives of approximately 5 000 people, most of them young children. Sufficient and better quality drinking water and basic sanitation can cut this toll dramatically, and simple, low-cost household water treatment has the potential to save further lives.
• World Disasters Report 2008
  "The AIDS epidemic is a disaster on many levels. In the most affected countries in sub-Saharan Africa, where prevalence rates reach 20 per cent, development gains are reversed and life expectancy may be halved. For specific groups of marginalized people – injecting drug users, sex workers and men who have sex with men – across the world, HIV rates are on the increase. Yet they often face stigma, criminalization and little, if any, access to HIV prevention and treatment services. As this report explains, HIV is a challenge to the humanitarian world whose task is to improve the lives of vulnerable people and to support them in strengthening their capacities and resilience. Disasters, man-made and ‘natural’, exacerbate other drivers of the epidemic and can also increase people’s vulnerability to infection."
• World Malaria Report 2005
  "The World Malaria Report 2005 is the first comprehensive effort by the Roll Back Malaria Partnership to take stock of where the world stands in relation to one of its most devastating diseases. It reveals that the tide may be beginning to turn against malaria as control and prevention programmes start to take effect."

• Advocacy for Immunization
  This step-by-step guide to advocacy for immunisation is published by the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. It covers preparation (building a plan, gathering information, creating messages and materials), outreach (building a coalition, engaging policymakers, working with the media, involving the public) and monitoring and evaluating. It includes a brief section of further sources of information (manuals, guides and websites) as well as examples and case studies.
• Avian Influenza
  CIDRAP at the University of Minnesota's mission is to prevent illness and death from infectious diseases through epidemiologic research and the rapid translation of scientific information into real-world practical applications and solutions. The Avian Influenza page provides the latest news on outbreaks of the disease as well as a bibliography of relevant articles.
• Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
  "The intention is to make freely available all the data about BSE. This involves continuously creating web pages. Therefore this site is constantly under construction" - an excellent collection of resources on BSE or "Mad Cow Disease", highly recommended as it is updated almost daily
• Epidemiologic Case Studies
  "These case studies are interactive exercises developed to teach epidemiologic principles and practices. They are based on real-life outbreaks and public health problems and were developed in collaboration with the original investigators and experts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The case studies require students to apply their epidemiologic knowledge and skills to problems confronted by public health practitioners at the local, state, and national level every day..."
• GlobalHealthFacts.org
  GlobalHealthFacts.org, a project of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and companion site to GlobalHealthReporting.org, provides free, up-to-date and easy-to-access data by country on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other key health and socioeconomic indicators.
• Global Map of Pandemic Risk
  " Maplecroft Map's Global map of pandemic risk provides a perspective of the risk from emerging diseases in 161 countries across the world. It explores the risk posed to human health and, by association, economic activity in each country by an outbreak of a pandemic disease. Levels of risk shown on the map have been determined based on Maplecroft’s Pandemic Risk Index (PRI) which analyses three components of pandemic risk: The risk of emergence of a new human disease in each country, The risk of the spread of such a disease to and within each country, The capacity of each country to contain an outbreak of disease."
• HEALTHmap: Global Disease Alert Mapping System
  HEALTHmap brings together disparate data sources to achieve a unified and comprehensive view of the current global state of infectious diseases and their effect on human and animal health. This freely available Web site integrates outbreak data of varying reliability, ranging from news sources (such as Google News) to curated personal accounts (such as ProMED) to validated official alerts (such as World Health Organization).
• Malaria Database (WHO/TDR)
  This site is maintained by the Department of Microbiology. Monash University and the Walter Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne. It is an information resource for scientists working in malaria research, containing a wide variety of information ranging from sequences to conference news.
• WHO Avian Influenza Page
  The WHO Avian Influenza page provides situation updates, a timeline, travel warnings, FAQs, guidelines, recommendations and protocols as well as information on infection control, vaccines and anti-virals.
• WHO - Stop TB Initiative
  Stop TB is a global movement to accelerate social and political action to stop the unnecessary spread of tuberculosis around the world. Its vision is a TB-free world: the first children born in this millennium will see TB eliminated in their lifetime.
• WHO-Program on: Emerging and other Communicable Diseases Surveillance and Control (EMC)
• WWW Virtual Library: Epidemiology

• WHO-PAHO, Communicable Diseases Program
  Working with the WHO-coordinated Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) to build research capacity in the Americas.
• PATH
  "The Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) is an international, non-profit organization. Its mission is to improve health, especially the health of women and children. PATH works in partnership with host-country governments and local agencies to assess health problems and identify and implement creative and effective user-based solutions. PATH programs address a wide variety of topic areas: child and maternal health, reproductive health and family planning, communicable diseases, and financing"
• Malaria Foundation International
  "This organisation aims to facilitate the development and implementation of solutions to the health, economic and social problems caused by malaria"
• Population Council: Horizons
  HIV/AIDS poses a grave threat to families, societies, and economies worldwide. Nowhere is this truer than in developing countries, where more than 90 percent of all HIV infections have occurred. Since 1997, the Population Council has implemented Horizons under a cooperative agreement with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Horizons is one component of a larger USAID initiative to reduce HIV transmission and mitigate its effects in developing countries. Horizons also partners with other international organizations as well as national and community groups in countries around the world."

• Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS)
  AQIS is Australia's first line of defence, protecting the Australian environment against exotic pests and diseases, it inspects incoming luggage, cargo, mail, animals and plants and their products, and provide inspection and certification for a range of exports.
• CDC National Centre for Infectious Disease
• CDC National Prevention Information Network
  This is the United State’s largest collection of information and resources on HIV, STD and TB Prevention.
• Communicable Diseases Intelligence
  A service on communicable diseases provided by the Australian National Centre for Disease Control
• Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (Northern Ireland)
  Communicable disease surveillance produces timely information for action, and the control of communicable disease involving not only doctors and nurses, but individuals from a wide variety of backgrounds e.g. farmers, vets, water engineers, environmental health officers and those working in the food industry.
• Health Canada - Information: Quarantine Services
  This site describes the role of Canada's Quarantine Service, including the responsibilities of quarantine officers.
• Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Quarantine Service
  This site provides extensive information on the operation of New Zealand's Quarantine Service. It includes sections on live animals and plants, foodstuffs and diseases, quarantine restrictions and inspections and biosecurity.
• PandemicFlu.com
  With the recent rise in flu outbreaks both across the United States and the rest of the world, the United States government has developed a broad range of strategies for keeping citizens up to date on the current status of these developments. The Pandemic Flu website is the official US government website for information on the subject (along with coverage of avian influenza).
• Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (Australia)
  "Victoria's largest public health reference laboratory. Considerable expertise in the laboratory science of infectious diseases and public health are concentrated in this laboratory complex, together with specialist facilities and valuable reference collections of clinical material, reagents and epidemiological records"

• Infectious Diseases Society of America
  "An organization of physicians, scientists and other health care professionals dedicated to the promotion and recognition of excellence in research, patient care, public health, disease prevention and education in the field of infectious diseases"
• Epidemic!
  The World of Infectious Diseases - an exhibition by the American Museum of Natural History
• HepNet
  "HepNet focuses on the needs of the medical community, providing updates on patient care issues, serology, new clinical papers and news releases, as well as links to many other excellent hepatitis related sites"
• ProMED
  "The global electronic reporting system for outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases & toxins, open to all sources. ProMED-mail, the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases, is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases."
• TropNetEurop
  "TropNetEurop is an electronic network of clinical sites related to imported infectious diseases. The network is designed to effectively detect emerging infections of potential regional, national or global impact at their point of entry into the domestic population. Sentinel Surveillance reporting is carried out by participating sites by use of a standardised and computerised reporting system"

• Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy
  The University of Minnesota's Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy aims to prevent illness and death from infectious diseases through epidemiologic research and the rapid translation of scientific information into real-world practical applications and solutions.
• Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit
  This unit which is located at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine conducts research on the epidemiology and control of infectious diseases of public health importance.
• School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW
• School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW - Research

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